perf(core): test a recursive word's base case at the call site

A recursive Forth word almost always opens with a guard that returns early,
so every leaf of the recursion costs a call whose whole body is that test.
`Call(self)` now compiles as `<guard> IF <what the guard returns> ELSE
Call(self) THEN`, which is what the callee would have done on entry anyway.
Half of fib's nodes are leaves: Fibonacci(25) 356 -> 237 us, 1.24x sf64 ->
0.83x, so all five benchmarks now beat it.

The guard runs twice along the recursive path, hence the bounds: at most six
effect-free operations, at most four call sites, never a tail call. WS-018.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -5,6 +5,26 @@ All notable changes to WAFER are documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
+## [Unreleased]
+
+### Added
+
+- **A recursive word tests its base case at the call site.** A recursive Forth
+  word almost always opens with a guard that returns early --
+  `: FIB DUP 2 < IF EXIT THEN ... RECURSE ... ;` -- so every leaf of the
+  recursion costs a call whose entire body is that test. `Call(self)` now
+  compiles as `<guard> IF <what the guard returns> ELSE Call(self) THEN`,
+  which computes the same thing: the callee would have run the guard, taken
+  the branch and returned. In fib's tree the leaves are half of all nodes.
+
+  Fibonacci(25) 356 -> 237 µs, which takes the last benchmark that was behind
+  SwiftForth `sf64` past it: 1.24x -> 0.83x, five of five.
+
+  The guard runs twice along the recursive path, so it has to be small (at
+  most six operations) and free of effects -- no calls, no memory, no
+  branches. Words with more than four self-call sites are left alone to bound
+  the code growth, and a `TailCall` is never expanded.
+
 ## [0.2.7] - 2026-08-09
 
 ### Added

CLAUDE.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ## What is WAFER?
 
-WAFER (WebAssembly Forth Engine in Rust) is an optimizing Forth 2012 compiler targeting WebAssembly. Currently a working Forth system with 200+ words, JIT compilation, 12 word sets at 100% compliance, and a full optimization pipeline (peephole, constant folding, inlining, strength reduction, DCE, tail calls, per-region stack-to-local promotion with DO/BEGIN loop and IF support, self-recursive direct calls, a typed calling convention for words with a known stack effect, consolidation). Beats gforth on all benchmarks in release mode, and SwiftForth `sf64` on four of five. Includes a browser-based REPL via wasm-pack.
+WAFER (WebAssembly Forth Engine in Rust) is an optimizing Forth 2012 compiler targeting WebAssembly. Currently a working Forth system with 200+ words, JIT compilation, 12 word sets at 100% compliance, and a full optimization pipeline (peephole, constant folding, inlining, strength reduction, DCE, tail calls, per-region stack-to-local promotion with DO/BEGIN loop and IF support, self-recursive direct calls, a typed calling convention for words with a known stack effect, self-guard expansion for recursive words, consolidation). Beats gforth on all benchmarks in release mode (3-20x), and SwiftForth `sf64` on all five. Includes a browser-based REPL via wasm-pack.
 
 ## Architecture
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Handle in `interpret_token_immediate()` or `compile_token()` as a special case.
 
 ## Testing
 
-- Run `cargo test --workspace` before committing (currently 601 unit + 1 benchmark + 12 compliance + 9 comparison + 5 crypto)
+- Run `cargo test --workspace` before committing (currently 608 unit + 1 benchmark + 12 compliance + 9 comparison + 5 crypto)
 - Forth 2012 compliance: `cargo test -p wafer-core --test compliance`
 - Cross-engine comparison (vs gforth): `cargo test -p wafer-core --test comparison`
 - Performance benchmarks (release mode): `cargo test -p wafer-core --test comparison -- --nocapture --ignored`

README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ An optimizing Forth 2012 compiler targeting WebAssembly. WAFER JIT-compiles each
 
 - **200+ words** across 12 Forth 2012 word sets, all at **100% compliance**
 - **Optimizing compiler** with 6 IR passes + stack-to-local promotion (per region, so a hot loop keeps its registers even inside a word that does I/O; `DO` and `BEGIN` loops alike) + consolidation
-- **Faster than gforth** on all benchmarks in release mode (2-10x faster)
+- **Faster than gforth** on all benchmarks in release mode (3-20x), and past SwiftForth `sf64` on all five
 - **JIT compilation** — each `:` definition compiles to its own WASM module
 - **Self-recursive direct calls** — RECURSE compiles to native `call` instead of `call_indirect`
 - **Typed calling convention** — a word with a statically known stack effect passes its stack items as WASM values, so a call keeps them in registers instead of round-tripping through memory
@@ -80,24 +80,23 @@ git submodule update --init
 
 ## Performance
 
-WAFER beats gforth (the GNU Forth reference implementation) on all benchmarks in release mode, and is within
+WAFER beats gforth (the GNU Forth reference implementation) on all benchmarks in release mode, and
-reach of SwiftForth `sf64`, which compiles to native code:
+SwiftForth `sf64`, which compiles to native code, on all five:
 
 ```
 Benchmark                   WAFER     CONSOL     gforth       sf64    WAFER/gf   WAFER/sf
-Fibonacci(25)                 356        361       3389        287       0.11x      1.24x
+Fibonacci(25)                 237        242       3340        287       0.07x      0.83x
-Factorial(12)x100K            479        495       6249       1650       0.08x      0.29x
+Factorial(12)x100K            480        479       6109       1594       0.08x      0.30x
-GCD-bench(20K)                540        559       1801        801       0.30x      0.67x
+GCD-bench(20K)                549        541       1830        797       0.30x      0.68x
-NestedLoops(50)x1K            509        501       7023       1887       0.07x      0.27x
+NestedLoops(50)x1K            501        509       7092       1898       0.07x      0.26x
-Collatz(2K)                   185        213       3873        610       0.05x      0.30x
+Collatz(2K)                   196        190       3955        633       0.05x      0.30x
 ```
 
 Times in microseconds. WAFER/gf < 1.0 means WAFER is faster. CONSOL = after `CONSOLIDATE`.
 
 Two caveats on the `sf64` column. The SwiftForth build here is x86-64 running under Rosetta 2
 while WAFER and gforth are native arm64, so it is a native-vs-emulated comparison; and sf64
-uses 64-bit cells to WAFER's 32-bit. WAFER is ahead on the four loop-heavy benchmarks and
+uses 64-bit cells to WAFER's 32-bit.
-behind on Fibonacci, which is one call per node with no loop to promote.
 
 A word whose stack effect is statically known gets a **typed entry point**: its stack items travel in and out
 as WASM values instead of through the memory data stack, so cranelift keeps them in registers across a call
@@ -106,10 +105,15 @@ table, `EXECUTE` and the outer interpreter reach, so nothing about the memory AB
 Call-heavy code is what this pays for -- Fibonacci went from 4.3x slower than `sf64` to 1.2x. Set
 `WAFER_TYPED_CALLS=0` to fall back to the memory-stack convention.
 
+Recursive words then get one more thing: their base-case guard is tested at the **call site**, so a
+leaf of the recursion costs a comparison instead of a call. `: FIB DUP 2 < IF EXIT THEN ... RECURSE`
+compiles its `RECURSE` as `DUP 2 < IF ELSE RECURSE THEN`, which is what the callee would have done
+on entry anyway. Half of fib's nodes are leaves, and that is the last 1.4x.
+
 ## Testing
 
 ```bash
-# All tests (~628 currently passing)
+# All tests (~635 currently passing)
 cargo test --workspace
 
 # Forth 2012 compliance suite
@@ -142,7 +146,7 @@ Forth Source -> Outer Interpreter -> IR -> [Optimize] -> WASM Codegen (wasm-enco
   - `WebRuntime` — browser WebAssembly API via js-sys, for the browser REPL
 - **Subroutine threading** via WASM function tables (`call_indirect` for cross-word, direct `call` for self-recursion)
 - **JIT mode**: each new word compiles to a separate WASM module linked to shared memory/globals/table
-- **IR-based pipeline** with 6 optimization passes (peephole, constant folding, strength reduction, DCE, tail call detection, inlining) plus per-region stack-to-local promotion (DO and BEGIN loops, IF/ELSE), DO/LOOP index locals, typed entry points for words with a known stack effect, and consolidation
+- **IR-based pipeline** with 6 optimization passes (peephole, constant folding, strength reduction, DCE, tail call detection, inlining) plus per-region stack-to-local promotion (DO and BEGIN loops, IF/ELSE), DO/LOOP index locals, typed entry points for words with a known stack effect, self-guard expansion, and consolidation
 - **Dictionary**: linked-list word headers in simulated linear memory
 
 ## Project Structure

crates/core/src/config.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ impl WaferConfig {
                 strength_reduce: true,
                 dce: true,
                 inline: true,
+                self_guard: true,
             },
             codegen: CodegenOpts {
                 stack_to_local_promotion: true,
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ impl WaferConfig {
                 strength_reduce: false,
                 dce: false,
                 inline: false,
+                self_guard: false,
             },
             codegen: CodegenOpts {
                 stack_to_local_promotion: false,

crates/core/src/optimizer.rs

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ pub struct OptConfig {
     pub dce: bool,
     /// Enable inlining of small word bodies.
     pub inline: bool,
+    /// Expand a recursive word's base-case guard into its own call sites, so
+    /// the leaves of the recursion cost a test instead of a call.
+    pub self_guard: bool,
 }
 
 /// Run all enabled optimization passes.
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@ pub fn optimize(
     ops: Vec<IrOp>,
     config: &OptConfig,
     bodies: &HashMap<WordId, Vec<IrOp>>,
+    self_id: Option<WordId>,
 ) -> Vec<IrOp> {
     let mut ir = ops;
 
@@ -60,6 +64,11 @@ pub fn optimize(
         let keep_loops_out = !crate::codegen::promotable_modulo_calls(&ir);
         ir = inline(ir, bodies, 8, keep_loops_out);
     }
+    if config.self_guard
+        && let Some(id) = self_id
+    {
+        ir = expand_self_guard(ir, id);
+    }
     if config.peephole {
         ir = peephole(ir);
     }
@@ -585,6 +594,142 @@ fn detailcall(op: IrOp) -> IrOp {
 }
 
 /// Check if an IR body contains a direct call to the given word (recursion guard).
+/// Largest guard the expander is willing to run twice, in IR operations.
+const MAX_GUARD_OPS: usize = 6;
+/// Most self-call sites worth expanding, to bound the code growth.
+const MAX_GUARD_SITES: usize = 4;
+
+/// Expand a recursive word's base-case guard into its own call sites.
+///
+/// A recursive Forth word almost always opens with a guard that returns early
+/// -- `: FIB DUP 2 < IF EXIT THEN ... RECURSE ... ;` -- so every leaf of the
+/// recursion costs a call whose whole body is that test. Testing at the call
+/// site instead removes the call for the leaves, which in fib's tree is half
+/// of all nodes.
+///
+/// `Call(self)` becomes `<guard> IF <what the guard returns> ELSE Call(self)
+/// THEN`, which computes the same thing: the callee would have run the guard,
+/// taken the branch and returned. The price is that the guard runs twice along
+/// the recursive path, which is why it has to be small and free of effects.
+fn expand_self_guard(ops: Vec<IrOp>, self_id: WordId) -> Vec<IrOp> {
+    let Some((cond, base)) = split_guard(&ops) else {
+        return ops;
+    };
+    if count_self_calls(&ops, self_id) > MAX_GUARD_SITES {
+        return ops;
+    }
+    let (cond, base) = (cond.to_vec(), base.to_vec());
+    replace_self_calls(ops, self_id, &cond, &base)
+}
+
+/// Split a body into the condition of its leading base-case guard and what
+/// that guard leaves behind, or `None` if it does not open with one.
+fn split_guard(ops: &[IrOp]) -> Option<(&[IrOp], &[IrOp])> {
+    let at = ops.iter().position(|op| matches!(op, IrOp::If { .. }))?;
+    let cond = &ops[..at];
+    if at > MAX_GUARD_OPS || !cond.iter().all(is_duplicable) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let IrOp::If {
+        then_body,
+        else_body: None,
+    } = &ops[at]
+    else {
+        return None;
+    };
+    // The guard is only a guard if it returns; what precedes the `EXIT` is
+    // the value it returns, and has to be as harmless as the condition.
+    let (IrOp::Exit, base) = then_body.split_last()? else {
+        return None;
+    };
+    if base.len() > MAX_GUARD_OPS || !base.iter().all(is_duplicable) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some((cond, base))
+}
+
+/// Can this operation be duplicated at every call site -- cheap, effect-free,
+/// and not itself a call or a branch?
+fn is_duplicable(op: &IrOp) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        op,
+        IrOp::PushI32(_)
+            | IrOp::Drop
+            | IrOp::Dup
+            | IrOp::Swap
+            | IrOp::Over
+            | IrOp::Rot
+            | IrOp::Nip
+            | IrOp::Tuck
+            | IrOp::TwoDup
+            | IrOp::TwoDrop
+            | IrOp::Add
+            | IrOp::Sub
+            | IrOp::Mul
+            | IrOp::Negate
+            | IrOp::Abs
+            | IrOp::Eq
+            | IrOp::NotEq
+            | IrOp::Lt
+            | IrOp::Gt
+            | IrOp::LtUnsigned
+            | IrOp::ZeroEq
+            | IrOp::ZeroLt
+            | IrOp::And
+            | IrOp::Or
+            | IrOp::Xor
+            | IrOp::Invert
+            | IrOp::Lshift
+            | IrOp::Rshift
+            | IrOp::ArithRshift
+    )
+}
+
+fn count_self_calls(ops: &[IrOp], self_id: WordId) -> usize {
+    ops.iter()
+        .map(|op| match op {
+            IrOp::Call(id) if *id == self_id => 1,
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body,
+                else_body,
+            } => {
+                count_self_calls(then_body, self_id)
+                    + else_body
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .map_or(0, |eb| count_self_calls(eb, self_id))
+            }
+            _ => 0,
+        })
+        .sum()
+}
+
+/// Wrap every `Call(self_id)` in the guard. Only plain calls: a `TailCall` is
+/// followed by a return, and leaving those alone keeps tail-call detection and
+/// this pass from having to agree about what tail position means.
+fn replace_self_calls(ops: Vec<IrOp>, self_id: WordId, cond: &[IrOp], base: &[IrOp]) -> Vec<IrOp> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(ops.len());
+    for op in ops {
+        match op {
+            IrOp::Call(id) if id == self_id => {
+                out.extend_from_slice(cond);
+                out.push(IrOp::If {
+                    then_body: base.to_vec(),
+                    else_body: Some(vec![IrOp::Call(id)]),
+                });
+            }
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body,
+                else_body,
+            } => out.push(IrOp::If {
+                then_body: replace_self_calls(then_body, self_id, cond, base),
+                else_body: else_body.map(|eb| replace_self_calls(eb, self_id, cond, base)),
+            }),
+            other => out.push(other),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 fn contains_call_to(ops: &[IrOp], target: WordId) -> bool {
     for op in ops {
         match op {
@@ -746,8 +891,130 @@ mod tests {
             strength_reduce: true,
             dce: true,
             inline: false,
+            self_guard: false,
         };
-        optimize(ops, &config, &HashMap::new())
+        optimize(ops, &config, &HashMap::new(), None)
+    }
+
+    /// A body shaped like a recursive Forth word: a base-case guard, then the
+    /// recursive step. `SELF` is the word being compiled.
+    const SELF: WordId = WordId(9);
+
+    fn guarded_body(step: Vec<IrOp>) -> Vec<IrOp> {
+        let mut ops = vec![
+            IrOp::Dup,
+            IrOp::PushI32(2),
+            IrOp::Lt,
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body: vec![IrOp::Exit],
+                else_body: None,
+            },
+        ];
+        ops.extend(step);
+        ops
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn self_guard_moves_the_base_case_to_the_call_site() {
+        let out = expand_self_guard(guarded_body(vec![IrOp::Call(SELF)]), SELF);
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            guarded_body(vec![
+                IrOp::Dup,
+                IrOp::PushI32(2),
+                IrOp::Lt,
+                IrOp::If {
+                    then_body: vec![],
+                    else_body: Some(vec![IrOp::Call(SELF)]),
+                },
+            ])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn self_guard_carries_the_value_the_guard_returns() {
+        // `: F DUP 2 < IF DROP 0 EXIT THEN RECURSE ;` -- the base case is not
+        // "leave the argument", it is "replace it with 0".
+        let body = vec![
+            IrOp::Dup,
+            IrOp::PushI32(2),
+            IrOp::Lt,
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body: vec![IrOp::Drop, IrOp::PushI32(0), IrOp::Exit],
+                else_body: None,
+            },
+            IrOp::Call(SELF),
+        ];
+        let out = expand_self_guard(body, SELF);
+        let IrOp::If { then_body, .. } = &out[7] else {
+            panic!("expected the expanded guard at index 7, got {:?}", out);
+        };
+        assert_eq!(then_body, &vec![IrOp::Drop, IrOp::PushI32(0)]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn self_guard_leaves_a_body_without_a_guard_alone() {
+        // An `IF` with an `ELSE` is a branch, not an early return.
+        let body = vec![
+            IrOp::Dup,
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body: vec![IrOp::Drop],
+                else_body: Some(vec![IrOp::Call(SELF)]),
+            },
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(expand_self_guard(body.clone(), SELF), body);
+
+        // No `EXIT` in the then-branch: also not a guard.
+        let body = guarded_body(vec![IrOp::Call(SELF)])
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|op| match op {
+                IrOp::If { .. } => IrOp::If {
+                    then_body: vec![IrOp::Drop],
+                    else_body: None,
+                },
+                other => other,
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(expand_self_guard(body.clone(), SELF), body);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn self_guard_refuses_a_condition_it_cannot_run_twice() {
+        // A guard reached through a call or a memory write would be evaluated
+        // once at the call site and again inside the callee.
+        let body = vec![
+            IrOp::Call(WordId(3)),
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body: vec![IrOp::Exit],
+                else_body: None,
+            },
+            IrOp::Call(SELF),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(expand_self_guard(body.clone(), SELF), body);
+
+        let body = vec![
+            IrOp::Dup,
+            IrOp::Fetch,
+            IrOp::If {
+                then_body: vec![IrOp::Exit],
+                else_body: None,
+            },
+            IrOp::Call(SELF),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(expand_self_guard(body.clone(), SELF), body);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn self_guard_stops_at_the_call_site_budget() {
+        let step = std::iter::repeat_n(IrOp::Call(SELF), MAX_GUARD_SITES + 1).collect();
+        let body = guarded_body(step);
+        assert_eq!(expand_self_guard(body.clone(), SELF), body);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn self_guard_leaves_tail_calls_alone() {
+        let body = guarded_body(vec![IrOp::TailCall(SELF)]);
+        assert_eq!(expand_self_guard(body.clone(), SELF), body);
     }
 
     fn opt_with_inline(ops: Vec<IrOp>, bodies: &HashMap<WordId, Vec<IrOp>>) -> Vec<IrOp> {
@@ -758,8 +1025,9 @@ mod tests {
             strength_reduce: true,
             dce: true,
             inline: true,
+            self_guard: false,
         };
-        optimize(ops, &config, bodies)
+        optimize(ops, &config, bodies, None)
     }
 
     // Peephole tests
@@ -1019,8 +1287,9 @@ mod tests {
             strength_reduce: false,
             dce: false,
             inline: true,
+            self_guard: false,
         };
-        let result = optimize(vec![IrOp::Call(WordId(5))], &config, &bodies);
+        let result = optimize(vec![IrOp::Call(WordId(5))], &config, &bodies, None);
         assert_eq!(result, vec![IrOp::Call(WordId(5))]);
     }
 

crates/core/src/outer.rs

@@ -2463,8 +2463,13 @@ impl<R: Runtime> ForthVM<R> {
     }
 
     /// Run all enabled optimization passes on an IR sequence.
-    fn optimize_ir(&self, ir: Vec<IrOp>, bodies: &HashMap<WordId, Vec<IrOp>>) -> Vec<IrOp> {
+    fn optimize_ir(
-        optimize(ir, &self.config.opt, bodies)
+        &self,
+        ir: Vec<IrOp>,
+        bodies: &HashMap<WordId, Vec<IrOp>>,
+        self_id: Option<WordId>,
+    ) -> Vec<IrOp> {
+        optimize(ir, &self.config.opt, bodies, self_id)
     }
 
     /// Parse a `{: args | locals -- comment :}` block and compile local
@@ -2576,7 +2581,7 @@ impl<R: Runtime> ForthVM<R> {
 
         let ir = std::mem::take(&mut self.compiling_ir);
         let bodies = self.ir_bodies.clone();
-        let ir = self.optimize_ir(ir, &bodies);
+        let ir = self.optimize_ir(ir, &bodies, Some(word_id));
         self.ir_bodies.insert(word_id, ir.clone());
 
         // Compile to WASM
@@ -2992,7 +2997,7 @@ impl<R: Runtime> ForthVM<R> {
         ir_body: Vec<IrOp>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<WordId> {
         let bodies = self.ir_bodies.clone();
-        let ir_body = self.optimize_ir(ir_body, &bodies);
+        let ir_body = self.optimize_ir(ir_body, &bodies, None);
         let word_id = self
             .dictionary
             .create(name, immediate)
@@ -8290,6 +8295,36 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(eval_output(": D 1 2 3 2 0 DO ROT LOOP . . . ; D"), "2 1 3 ");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_self_guard_expansion_keeps_the_answers() {
+        // The base-case guard is tested at the call site, so a leaf never
+        // costs a call. All four verified against gforth.
+        assert_eq!(
+            eval_output(
+                ": FIB DUP 2 < IF EXIT THEN DUP 1- RECURSE SWAP 2 - RECURSE + ; \
+                 25 FIB . 0 FIB . 1 FIB . 2 FIB . 10 FIB ."
+            ),
+            "75025 0 1 1 55 "
+        );
+        // A guard that replaces its argument rather than leaving it.
+        assert_eq!(
+            eval_output(": G DUP 0= IF DROP 0 EXIT THEN DUP 1- RECURSE + ; 5 G . 0 G . 100 G ."),
+            "15 0 5050 "
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            eval_output(": H DUP 3 < IF DROP 7 EXIT THEN 1- RECURSE 2 * ; 5 H . 2 H . 8 H ."),
+            "56 7 448 "
+        );
+        // Two guards and three call sites, one of them behind the second guard.
+        assert_eq!(
+            eval_output(
+                ": ACK OVER 0= IF SWAP DROP 1+ EXIT THEN DUP 0= IF DROP 1- 1 RECURSE EXIT THEN \
+                 OVER SWAP 1- RECURSE SWAP 1- SWAP RECURSE ; 2 3 ACK . 1 2 ACK ."
+            ),
+            "9 4 "
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_promoted_begin_loops() {
         // BEGIN loops promote too, so these run entirely in locals.

crates/core/tests/comparison.rs

@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ fn perf_benchmarks() -> Vec<PerfBenchmark> {
             verify: "25 FIB",
             expected: 75025,
             samples: 5,
-            max_ratio: 0.17,
+            max_ratio: 0.10,
         },
         PerfBenchmark {
             name: "Factorial(12)x100K",

docs/OPTIMIZATIONS.md

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ This document describes every optimization that makes sense for WAFER, why it ma
 | 14 | Self-Recursive Direct Call | Codegen      | Done        | High    |
 | 15 | Float / Double-Cell        | Codegen      | Not started | Future  |
 | 16 | Typed Calling Convention   | Codegen      | Done        | Highest |
+| 17 | Self-Guard Expansion       | IR pass      | Done        | Medium  |
 
 ## 1. Stack-to-Local Promotion
 
@@ -484,33 +485,59 @@ Fibonacci(25) went from 1035 to 366 microseconds, 4.3x slower than `sf64` to 1.2
 
 Untyped by design: anything using `SP@`, `DEPTH`, `EXECUTE`, `>R`/`R>`, floats or locals; anything calling a word that is itself untyped, which in the JIT path means every call except `RECURSE`; mutually recursive words; and words whose effect is not static -- branches that disagree on depth, `EXIT` at the wrong depth, a non-neutral loop body, or a recursion that grows the stack per level.
 
+## 17. Self-Guard Expansion
+
+**Status: Done.** A recursive word's base-case guard is duplicated into its own call sites, so the leaves of the recursion cost a test instead of a call. Implemented in `optimizer.rs::expand_self_guard`, gated on `OptConfig::self_guard`, and applied after inlining so the later passes still run over the result.
+
+### The Shape
+
+A recursive Forth word almost always opens with a guard that returns early:
+
+```forth
+: FIB DUP 2 < IF EXIT THEN DUP 1- RECURSE SWAP 2 - RECURSE + ;
+```
+
+Every leaf of the recursion is then a call whose entire body is `DUP 2 <`. The pass rewrites each `Call(self)` as
+
+```forth
+DUP 2 < IF ( leave it ) ELSE RECURSE THEN
+```
+
+which computes the same thing -- the callee would have run the guard, taken the branch and returned. When the guard returns a value rather than its argument (`IF DROP 0 EXIT THEN`), that value moves into the then-branch with it.
+
+### Why It Is Bounded
+
+The guard runs twice along the recursive path: once at the call site, once inside the callee. So it must be small and free of effects -- `MAX_GUARD_OPS` is six, and the operations are restricted to stack shuffles, arithmetic and comparisons; a call, a memory access or a branch disqualifies it. `MAX_GUARD_SITES` caps the expansion at four call sites, since each one replicates the guard. A `TailCall` is never expanded, which keeps this pass and tail-call detection from having to agree about what tail position means.
+
+### Impact
+
+Fibonacci(25): 356 to 237 microseconds. In fib's tree half of all nodes are leaves, which is where the factor comes from. This is what took the last benchmark past `sf64`.
+
 ## Current Performance vs Gforth
 
 All optimizations enabled, release mode, measured with UTIME:
 
 ```
 Benchmark                   WAFER     CONSOL     gforth       sf64    WAFER/gf   WAFER/sf
-Fibonacci(25)                 356        361       3389        287       0.11x      1.24x
+Fibonacci(25)                 237        242       3340        287       0.07x      0.83x
-Factorial(12)x100K            479        495       6249       1650       0.08x      0.29x
+Factorial(12)x100K            480        479       6109       1594       0.08x      0.30x
-GCD-bench(20K)                540        559       1801        801       0.30x      0.67x
+GCD-bench(20K)                549        541       1830        797       0.30x      0.68x
-NestedLoops(50)x1K            509        501       7023       1887       0.07x      0.27x
+NestedLoops(50)x1K            501        509       7092       1898       0.07x      0.26x
-Collatz(2K)                   185        213       3873        610       0.05x      0.30x
+Collatz(2K)                   196        190       3955        633       0.05x      0.30x
 ```
 
 Times in microseconds. WAFER/gf < 1.0 means WAFER is faster. `sf64` is SwiftForth,
 which compiles to native code; two caveats on that column. The install here is an
 x86-64 binary under Rosetta 2 while WAFER and gforth are native arm64, so it is a
 native-vs-emulated comparison and a native SwiftForth would be faster than these
-numbers; and sf64 uses 64-bit cells to WAFER's 32-bit. WAFER is ahead on the four
+numbers; and sf64 uses 64-bit cells to WAFER's 32-bit.
-loop-heavy benchmarks and behind on Fibonacci, which is one call per node with no
-loop to promote.
 
 ## Remaining Opportunities
 
-| Optimization                     | Status              | Potential Impact                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
+| Optimization                     | Status              | Potential Impact                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-| -------------------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| -------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| Bounded self-inlining            | Not started         | Measured 1.33x on Fibonacci, the last benchmark behind sf64. Blocked on `EXIT`: the inliner refuses any body containing one, and a recursive Forth word is `... IF EXIT THEN ... RECURSE`. Needs either a scoped exit (compile an inlined `EXIT` as a branch to the end of a block) or guard-only expansion |
+| Scoped exit for the inliner      | Not started         | The inliner still refuses any body containing an `EXIT`, because an inlined one would return from the caller. Compiling it as a branch to the end of a block would unlock inlining for every word with an early return, not just the guard shape section 17 handles |
-| BeginDoubleWhileRepeat promotion | Not started         | Rare pattern, low priority. Its promoted emitter exists but has no loop fixup and is unverified                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| BeginDoubleWhileRepeat promotion | Not started         | Rare pattern, low priority. Its promoted emitter exists but has no loop fixup and is unverified                                                                                                                                                                     |
-| LEAVE as IR primitive            | Not started         | Would enable fast-path for loops with LEAVE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| LEAVE as IR primitive            | Not started         | Would enable fast-path for loops with LEAVE                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
-| Float stack-to-local             | Not started         | Eliminate float stack memory traffic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
+| Float stack-to-local             | Not started         | Eliminate float stack memory traffic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
-| WASM tail calls proposal         | Waiting on wasmtime | Would eliminate stack growth for tail-recursive words                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| WASM tail calls proposal         | Waiting on wasmtime | Would eliminate stack growth for tail-recursive words                                                                                                                                                                                                               |